Heavy exercise is known to enhance free radical production.  American Super Collagen Review Similarly, a diet high in fat and/or refined sugar has been shown to induce oxidative stress7. It has been hypothesised that oxidative stress plays a pertinent role in the development of degenerative diseases. A strong positive association between oxidative DNA damage and sugar intake, mostly derived from fruit, sugar added to beverages, milk, soft drinks and desserts was found in 71 healthy volunteers residing in Florence.

Additionally, it is thought that fructose metabolism has the ability to induce generation of reactive oxygen species due to increased activity of xanthine oxidase and generation of glyceraldehydes, an inducer of free radicals. As such, the liver, where fructose is metabolised, may be exposed to oxidative stress after the consumption of fructose.

Fructose intake is also thought to decrease the activity of the copper enzyme, superoxide dismutase SOD, an antioxidant which would offer some protection against oxidative stress. Ceriello et al reported that the ingestion of oral glucose was found to deplete plasma antioxidants and to increase oxidative stress both in normal and in Type 2 diabetic subjects.

The consumption of fructose has been reported to affect homeostasis of numerous trace elements. It has been shown to increase iron absorption and to reduce the concentration of serum and hepatic copper. Iron overload is associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, iron is a strong oxidant which has the ability to generate reactive oxygen species hence causing further oxidation.

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