Atrial Fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia. Normally the top part of the heart, the atria, which serve as the receiving pumps of the heart, contract and squeeze the blood down into the ventricles before the atrio-ventricular valves shut and the ventricles pump the blood out of the heart and into the lungs and body. The contraction is caused by electrical activity in the muscle of the heart. It originates in one area and uniformly spreads throughout the walls of the heart creating an even and effective contraction. If the electrical activity becomes chaotic the atrial walls simply twitch randomly, producing a resemblance to a bag of worms. Because the main natural pacemaker of the heart lies within the atrial walls, the rhythm will now be totally irregular.

This can be a transient or a chronic condition. While some people have no symptoms, many will experience palpitations: the sensation of feeling their heart pounding. Due to a loss of the atrial contraction to help fill the ventricles before they contract there is an approximate loss of 10% cardiac output, the amount of blood pumped out of the heart. This can also cause symptoms of weakness and fatigue. Since the rhythm is now irregular it can be bradycardic or slow, below 60 beats per minute, or tachycardic or fast, greater than 100 beats per minute. It can also alternate between slow and fast abruptly.

Diagnoses of this and most arrhythmias are achieved by monitoring the heart rhythm. This can be done with 12 lead electrocardiograph (EKG), in-hospital telemetry, ambulatory 24 hour holter monitoring or 30 day event monitoring. This will provide the documentation needed to treat the atrial fibrillation.

When atrial fibrillation is first observed it can sometimes be converted back to normal sinus rhythm with medications or a cardioversion with external shocks. There are some pharmaceuticals that, taken regularly, can help to prevent atrial fibrillation from reoccurring. If atrial fibrillation becomes a chronic condition that cannot be alleviated by these treatments, steps are taken to help make the condition easier and safer to live with. Atrial fibrillation clients should be treated with blood thinner unless there is a contraindication present, such as bleeding ulcers or a history of stroke. The atrium now is unable to clear the out blood with each stroke and therefore the blood pools and poses a hazard for forming blood clots. Should a blood clot form, it could easily travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism, or to the brain, causing a stroke; each causing a potentially debilitating, even fatal situation.

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